Team Valuations

Where we hold more than one valuation for a team, the board shows the highest and archives the rest. The year column says how old that figure is; a figure 2 or more years older than the newest figure in its own league is marked as an old figure and left out of that league's medians, means and entry prices (our own estimates do not count as the newest figure).

Our estimates (CoN). When a football club has changed division since the season its last published figure belongs to, that figure is out of date, so the board shows our own estimate instead, marked CoN, with a range and the published figure beside it. Promotion to the Premier League is valued from projected first-season revenue (last Championship revenue plus the step-up in central money) at 2.2 times revenue, never below £200m; relegation from it at 0.30 to 0.40 times the last top-flight figure depending on the parachute year; other leagues by multipliers sized to their TV-money gaps, held at low confidence. Sources include Kieran Maguire's Price of Football, Deloitte and published club estimates; back-tested on Sunderland, Leeds, Burnley and Cardiff. Moves with no model yet are flagged, not adjusted.

Teams with no published figure get our estimate from comparables, so every team in a league we cover has a value. CFL and NPB clubs are valued at 1.3 and 1.5 times modelled revenue: average attendance times the rate the clubs that publish accounts earn per fan, adjusted slightly for metro size. Others are priced against the closest deals and clubs on the board. Women's sides use five times revenue, not the premium Chelsea Women sold for. Each shows its range, and a published figure replaces it as soon as one exists.

CoN rough estimates are a club's budget, revenue or a fee times a multiple nobody has tested; each shows its input and where that came from, carries a ±50% range, and is left out of league medians, means and entry prices.

Sources differ by sport. Every figure names its source and year (Sportico, Forbes, Football Benchmark, or league-specific reporting), or says CoN estimate where it is ours. Tap a row's source label for the full source name; the deal and published tags link to it. Football Benchmark is enterprise value (equity plus net debt); the others are franchise values.

The league explorer, league table and ownership bars are built from the same board: one figure per team, so a league's median is the middle team on this page, not an official league figure. Owner groups come from each team's control owner: people and families, investors and consortia, companies, and a last group of members, states and trusts that rarely sell. Filters, sort, scale and picks live in the address, so a copied link opens the same view.

Men's football clubs are grouped by the division they play in this season, with the country beside it, so the Premier League and the Championship are separate rows. All figures in US dollars. Owners come from the same board grouped by holder on The Owners.