United Kingdom

Elections · resolves 3 May 2029

Will CON be the largest party at the next UK general election?

24%chance, our model

Elections · resolves 3 May 2029

Will GRN be the largest party at the next UK general election?

0%chance, our model

Elections · resolves 3 May 2029

Will LAB be the largest party at the next UK general election?

52%chance, our model

United States invasion of Afghanistan2001

11 more on the forecast page.

Alliances & Organisations7 full memberships

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NATO

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UN G7 G20 OECD

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🏛️ Leadership History93 leaders · click to expand

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Other

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Andy Burnham✦ Current

Prime Minister · Labour · 2026–present · London

2026–Present

Keir Starmer

Prime Minister · Labour · 2024–2026 · London

2024–2026

Rishi Sunak

Prime Minister · Conservative · 1y 8m 14d · Southampton

2022–2024

King Charles III✦ Current

Sovereign · Windsor · 3y 9m 8d

2022–Present

Liz Truss

Prime Minister · Conservative · 1m 19d · Leeds-Bradford

2022–2022

Boris Johnson

Prime Minister · Conservative · 3y 1m 15d · London

2019–2022

Theresa May

Prime Minister · Conservative · 3y 11d · London

2016–2019

David Cameron

Prime Minister · Conservative · 6y 2m 5d · Oxford

2010–2016

Gordon Brown

Prime Minister · Labour · 2y 10m 19d · Kirkcaldy

2007–2010

Tony Blair

Prime Minister · Labour · 10y 1m 28d · Edinburgh, Newcastle

1997–2007

John Major

Prime Minister · Conservative · 6y 5m 7d · London

1990–1997

Margaret Thatcher

Prime Minister · Conservative · 11y 7m 1d · Nottingham, London

1979–1990

			Tenure
Andy Burnham✦ Current	Prime Minister	2026–Present	2026–present	Labour	London
Keir Starmer	Prime Minister	2024–2026	2024–2026	Labour	London
Rishi Sunak	Prime Minister	2022–2024	1y 8m 14d	Conservative	Southampton
King Charles III✦ Current	Sovereign	2022–Present	3y 9m 8d	Windsor
Liz Truss	Prime Minister	2022–2022	1m 19d	Conservative	Leeds-Bradford
Boris Johnson	Prime Minister	2019–2022	3y 1m 15d	Conservative	London
Theresa May	Prime Minister	2016–2019	3y 11d	Conservative	London
David Cameron	Prime Minister	2010–2016	6y 2m 5d	Conservative	Oxford
Gordon Brown	Prime Minister	2007–2010	2y 10m 19d	Labour	Kirkcaldy
Tony Blair	Prime Minister	1997–2007	10y 1m 28d	Labour	Edinburgh,Newcastle
John Major	Prime Minister	1990–1997	6y 5m 7d	Conservative	London
Margaret Thatcher	Prime Minister	1979–1990	11y 7m 1d	Conservative	Nottingham,London
James Callaghan	Prime Minister	1976–1979	3y 29d	Labour	Cardiff
Harold Wilson	Prime Minister	1974–1976	2y 1m 3d	Labour	Leeds-Bradford,Liverpool
Edward Heath	Prime Minister	1970–1974	3y 8m 19d	Conservative	Margate,London
Harold Wilson	Prime Minister	1964–1970	5y 8m 7d	Labour	Leeds-Bradford,Liverpool
Alec Douglas-Home	Prime Minister	1963–1964	12m 3d	Conservative	Edinburgh
Harold Macmillan	Prime Minister	1957–1963	6y 9m 12d	Conservative	London,Middlesbrough
Anthony Eden	Prime Minister	1955–1957	1y 9m 9d	Conservative	Durham
Queen Elizabeth II	Sovereign	1952–2022	70y 7m 12d	Windsor
Winston Churchill	Prime Minister	1951–1955	3y 5m 12d	Conservative	London
Clement Attlee	Prime Minister	1945–1951	6y 3m 3d	Labour	London
Winston Churchill	Prime Minister	1940–1945	5y 2m 18d	Conservative	London
Neville Chamberlain	Prime Minister	1937–1940	2y 11m 18d	Conservative	Birmingham
King George VI	Sovereign	1936–1952	15y 2m 15d	Windsor
King Edward VIII	Sovereign	1936–1936	10m 26d	Windsor
Stanley Baldwin	Prime Minister	1935–1937	1y 11m 26d	Conservative	London
Ramsay MacDonald	Prime Minister	1929–1935	6y 3d	Labour/National	Elgin
Stanley Baldwin	Prime Minister	1924–1929	4y 7m 3d	Conservative	London
Ramsay MacDonald	Prime Minister	1924–1924	9m 17d	Labour	Elgin
Stanley Baldwin	Prime Minister	1923–1924	8m 5d	Conservative	London
Andrew Bonar Law	Prime Minister	1922–1923	6m 29d	Conservative	Glasgow
David Lloyd George	Prime Minister	1916–1922	5y 10m 18d	Liberal/Coalition	Caernarfon
King George V	Sovereign	1910–1936	25y 8m	Windsor (renamed from Saxe-Coburg)
Herbert Henry Asquith	Prime Minister	1908–1916	8y 8m 3d	Liberal	Leeds-Bradford
Henry Campbell-Bannerman	Prime Minister	1905–1908	2y 4m	Liberal	Glasgow
Arthur James Balfour	Prime Minister	1902–1905	3y 4m 26d	Conservative/Unionist	London
King Edward VII	Sovereign	1901–1910	9y 3m 1d	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury	Prime Minister	1895–1902	7y 17d	Conservative	London
Archibald Primrose, Earl of Rosebery	Prime Minister	1894–1895	1y 3m 19d	Liberal	London
William Ewart Gladstone	Prime Minister	1892–1894	1y 6m 19d	Liberal	London
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury	Prime Minister	1886–1892	6y 19d	Conservative	London
William Ewart Gladstone	Prime Minister	1886–1886	5m 19d	Liberal	London
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury	Prime Minister	1885–1886	7m 9d	Conservative	London
William Ewart Gladstone	Prime Minister	1880–1885	5y 1m 18d	Liberal	London
Benjamin Disraeli	Prime Minister	1874–1880	6y 2m 2d	Conservative	London
William Ewart Gladstone	Prime Minister	1868–1874	5y 2m 17d	Liberal	London
Benjamin Disraeli	Prime Minister	1868–1868	9m 8d	Conservative	London
Edward Henry Smith-Stanley, Earl of Derby	Prime Minister	1866–1868	1y 8m 2d	Conservative	London
John Russell, Lord Russell	Prime Minister	1865–1866	8m	Liberal	London
Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston	Prime Minister	1859–1865	6y 4m 10d	Liberal	London
Edward Henry Smith-Stanley, Earl of Derby	Prime Minister	1858–1859	1y 3m 21d	Conservative	London
Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston	Prime Minister	1855–1858	3y 14d	Liberal	London
George Hamilton-Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen	Prime Minister	1852–1855	2y 1m 12d	Conservative/Peelite	London
Edward Henry Smith-Stanley, Earl of Derby	Prime Minister	1852–1852	9m 28d	Conservative	London
John Russell, Lord Russell	Prime Minister	1846–1852	5y 7m 27d	Whig/Liberal	London
Robert Peel	Prime Minister	1841–1846	4y 10m 4d	Conservative	London
Queen Victoria	Sovereign	1837–1901	63y 7m 6d	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne	Prime Minister	1835–1841	6y 4m 16d	Whig	London
Robert Peel	Prime Minister	1834–1835	3m 29d	Conservative	London
William Lamb, Viscount Melbourne	Prime Minister	1834–1834	4m 1d	Whig	London
Charles Grey, Earl Grey	Prime Minister	1830–1834	3y 7m 20d	Whig	London
King William IV	Sovereign	1830–1837	6y 12m 1d	Hanover
Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington	Prime Minister	1828–1830	2y 9m 29d	Tory	London
Frederick John Robinson, Viscount Goderich	Prime Minister	1827–1828	4m 10d	Tory	London
George Canning	Prime Minister	1827–1827	3m 28d	Tory	London
King George IV	Sovereign	1820–1830	10y 5m 21d	Hanover
Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool	Prime Minister	1812–1827	14y 10m 8d	Tory	London
Spencer Perceval	Prime Minister	1809–1812	2y 7m 10d	Tory	London
William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck	Prime Minister	1807–1809	2y 6m 8d	Tory	London
William Wyndham Grenville, Baron Grenville	Prime Minister	1806–1807	1y 1m 12d	Whig	London
William Pitt the Younger	Prime Minister	1804–1806	1y 8m 18d	Tory	Cambridge
Henry Addington, Viscount Sidmouth	Prime Minister	1801–1804	3y 1m 25d	Tory	Winchester
William Pitt the Younger	Prime Minister	1783–1801	17y 2m 29d	Tory	Cambridge
William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck	Prime Minister	1783–1783	8m 20d	Tory/Coalition	London
William Petty, Earl of Shelburne	Prime Minister	1782–1783	8m 25d	Whig	London
Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquess of Rockingham	Prime Minister	1782–1782	3m 6d	Whig	London
Frederick North, Lord North	Prime Minister	1770–1782	12y 2m 1d	Tory	London
Augustus FitzRoy, Duke of Grafton	Prime Minister	1768–1770	1y 3m 16d	Whig	London
William Pitt the Elder, Earl of Chatham	Prime Minister	1766–1768	2y 2m 17d	Whig	London
Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquess of Rockingham	Prime Minister	1765–1766	1y 17d	Whig	London
George Grenville	Prime Minister	1763–1765	2y 2m 26d	Whig	London
John Stuart, Earl of Bute	Prime Minister	1762–1763	10m 17d	Tory	London
King George III	Sovereign	1760–1820	59y 3m 14d	Hanover
Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle	Prime Minister	1757–1762	4y 11m 2d	Whig	London
William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire	Prime Minister	1756–1757	7m 15d	Whig	London
Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle	Prime Minister	1754–1756	2y 8m 1d	Whig	London
Henry Pelham	Prime Minister	1743–1754	10y 6m 14d	Whig	London
Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington	Prime Minister	1742–1743	1y 4m 16d	Whig	London
Robert Walpole	Prime Minister	1721–1742	20y 10m 19d	Whig	London

Great Britain

Sort by

King George II

Sovereign · Hanover · 33y 4m 10d

1727–1760

King George I

Sovereign · Hanover · 12y 10m 17d

1714–1727

Queen Anne

Sovereign · Stuart · 7y 3m 9d

1707–1714

			Tenure
King George II	Sovereign	1727–1760	33y 4m 10d	Hanover
King George I	Sovereign	1714–1727	12y 10m 17d	Hanover
Queen Anne	Sovereign	1707–1714	7y 3m 9d	Stuart

Political leadership

The Crown, Prime Minister, Cabinet & Parliament →

Who holds power today, with a time machine back through history.

Elections

Every general election since 1802 →

Fifty-eight contests: seats, swings, turnout, referendums and the devolved map.

Spectrum →

Executive not classified

Legislature 4.4 mean, 1.6 spread

📈 Power over timeThe Power Atlas →

Today

Middle Power#3 · 4.5%

Latent vs recognised

Punches above its mass: standing beats material weight

Power (headline share)Latent (material mass)Recognised (standing)

The power line is the headline share of world power, running from the state’s first ranked year (benchmark estimates with wide error bars before 1816). Latent power is material mass a state could mobilise (population, manpower, heavy industry). Recognised power is what the system actually treats it as (military spending, productive economy, reach, and status such as a Security Council seat or nuclear arsenal). When latent runs above recognised, a power is rising or under-rated; when recognised runs higher, it is punching above its weight or coasting on prestige. Material sub-indices run 1816 through 2016.

⚔️ Wars and conflicts146 interstate wars · click to expand

Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)2006–2008

Mahdi Army (until 2008),Special Groups

Combat deaths: —

Iraq War●2003–2011

Ba'athist Iraq,Insurgent groups

Combat deaths: 42,190+

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Combat deaths: 9,550–14,388

Persian Gulf War●1990–1991

Iraq

Combat deaths: 29,231–59,231

Falklands War1982

Argentina

Combat deaths: 907+

Nigerian Civil War●1967–1970

Combat deaths: 45,000+

Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation1963–1966

Indonesia

Combat deaths: 874+

Suez Crisis1956

Egypt

Combat deaths: 2,848–4,198

Korean War [ 9 ]●1950–1953

North Korea,China,Soviet Union

Combat deaths: 2,568,927–4,096,927

Italian Civil War1943–1945

Italian Social Republic,Nazi Germany

Combat deaths: —

Anglo-Iraqi War1941

Kingdom of Iraq,Nazi Germany,Kingdom of Italy

Combat deaths: —

Continuation War●1941–1944

Finland,Nazi Germany,Kingdom of Italy

Combat deaths: —

Conflict	Years	Against	Combat deaths
Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)	2006–2008	Mahdi Army (until 2008),Special Groups	—
Iraq War●	2003–2011	Ba'athist Iraq,Insurgent groups	42,190+
United States invasion of Afghanistan	2001	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan	9,550–14,388
Persian Gulf War●	1990–1991	Iraq	29,231–59,231
Falklands War	1982	Argentina	907+
Nigerian Civil War●	1967–1970		45,000+
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation	1963–1966	Indonesia	874+
Suez Crisis	1956	Egypt	2,848–4,198
Korean War [ 9 ]●	1950–1953	North Korea,China,Soviet Union	2,568,927–4,096,927
Italian Civil War	1943–1945	Italian Social Republic,Nazi Germany	—
Anglo-Iraqi War	1941	Kingdom of Iraq,Nazi Germany,Kingdom of Italy	—
Continuation War●	1941–1944	Finland,Nazi Germany,Kingdom of Italy	—
World War II●	1939–1945	Germany,Japan,Italy,Hungary,Romania,Bulgaria,Finland,Thailand,and others...	16,634,907+
Second Sino-Japanese War●	1937–1945	Empire of Japan,Reorganized National Government of China,Manchukuo,Mengjiang	—
Women's War	1929–1930	Igbo Women of Owerri and Calabar Provinces	—
Saudi conquest of Hejaz	1924–1925	Kingdom of Hejaz	—
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)●	1919–1922	Turkish National Movement,Russian SFSR	50,000+
Irish War of Independence	1919–1921	Republic of Ireland Irish Republic	—
Second Yemeni–Asiri War	1919–1923	Idrisid Emirate of Asir	—
Third Anglo-Afghan War	1919	Afghanistan	2,136+
Armenian–Azerbaijani War	1918–1920	Azerbaijan Democratic Republic,Ottoman Empire (1918 only),Russian SFSR (from April 1920),Turkish National Movement (from April 1920)	—
Estonian War of Independence●	1918–1920	Russian SFSR,Commune of Estonia,Latvian SSR	11,750+
Latvian War of Independence●	1918–1920	Russian SFSR,Latvian SSR	13,246+
Easter Rising	1916	Republic of Ireland Irish Republican Brotherhood,Irish Volunteers,Irish Citizen Army,Cumann na mBan,Hibernian Rifles,Fianna Éireann	—
Senussi Campaign	1915–1917	Senussi,Ottoman Empire,Darfur Emirate	—
World War I●	1914–1918	German Empire,Austria-Hungary,Ottoman Empire,Bulgaria	8,578,031+
British conquest of the Kano Emirate	1903	Kano Emirate	—
British conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate	1903–1904	Sokoto Caliphate	—
Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903	1902–1903	United States of Venezuela	—
War of the Golden Stool	1900	Ashanti Empire	2,000+
Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War	1895–1896	Ashanti Empire	—
Third Anglo-Burmese War	1885	Third Burmese Empire	6,000+
Mahdist War●	1881–1899	Mahdist Sudan	101,470+
First Boer War	1880–1881	South African Republic	1,000+
Anglo-Zulu War●	1879	Zulu Kingdom	10,500+
Second Anglo-Afghan War●	1878–1880	Afghanistan	21,000+
Third Anglo-Ashanti War	1873–1874	Ashanti Empire	1,500+
Seqiti War	1865–1866	Orange Free State	—
Second Anglo-Ashanti War	1863–1864	Ashanti Empire	—
French intervention in Mexico●	1861–1867	Mexico United Mexican States,United States of America (entered in 1865)	20,000+
Pig War	1859–1872	United States	—
Pahang Civil War	1857–1863	Pahang Wan Ahmad loyalists,Terengganu Terengganu Sultanate,Thailand Rattanakosin Kingdom	—
Anglo-Persian War	1856–1857	Persia	2,000+
Second Opium War	1856–1860	Qing dynasty Qing Empire of China	3,300+
Crimean War●	1853–1856	Russian Empire,Bulgarian volunteers,Principality of Mingrelia (vassal),Kurdish rebels,Greece Kingdom of Greece (until 1854)	264,200+
Second Anglo-Burmese War	1852	Burma	1,200+
Eighth Xhosa War	1850–1853	Xhosa Tribes,Khoikhoi Tribes,United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Native Kafir Police	7,400+
Soninke-Marabout War (1850–1856)	1850–1856	Marabout confederacy,Kingdom of the Kombo (Soninke)	—
Taiping Rebellion●	1850–1864	Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	250,025+
Second Anglo-Sikh War	1848–1849	Sikh Empire	6,500+
First Anglo-Sikh War	1845–1846	Sikh Empire	8,500+
Flagstaff War	1845–1846	Ngāpuhi under Hōne Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti	—
Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)●	1839–1841	Egypt,France,Spain Spain	17,014+
First Opium War	1839–1842	Qing dynasty Qing Empire of China	2,450+
Uruguayan Civil War	1839–1851	Blancos,Federalists,Argentine Confederation	—
First Anglo-Afghan War●	1838–1842	Emirate of Afghanistan	20,000+
First Carlist War●	1833–1840	Forces of Infante Carlos of Spain,Portugal Forces of King Miguel of Portugal	130,550+
Liberal Wars	1828–1834	Portugal Absolutist forces of King Miguel	—
Katamanso War	1826	Ashanti Empire	—
First Anglo-Burmese War●	1824–1826	Burmese Empire	30,000+
First Anglo-Ashanti War	1823–1831	Ashanti Empire	6,400+
Greek War of Independence●	1821–1829	United States of the Ionian Islands,France Kingdom of France (1827 only),Russian Empire (1827 only)	65,177+
Third Anglo-Maratha War	1817–1818	Maratha Confederacy	4,800+
Neapolitan War	1815	Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples	—
Second Barbary War	1815	Barbary States,Ottoman Empire	—
Second Kandyan War	1815	Kingdom of Kandy	—
Anglo-Nepalese War	1814–1816	Nepal	—
War of 1812●	1812–1815	United States,Cherokee,Chickasaw,Choctaw,Lower Creek,Tuscarora	—
War of the Sixth Coalition●	1812–1814	France,Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic),Duchy of Warsaw,Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Naples,Denmark–Norway,Swiss Confederation,Confederation of the Rhine	—
Invasion of Java (1811)	1811	France	—
Peruvian War of Independence	1811–1826	Spanish Empire Spain	—
Venezuelan War of Independence	1811–1823	Spain Spain	—
Punjab War	1810–1820	Sikh Empire	—
Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809	1808–1809	Denmark–Norway,France	—
Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo	1808–1809	France	—
Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)	1807–1812	Russian Empire	—
Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)	1807–1809	Ottoman Empire	—
Gunboat War	1807–1814	Denmark–Norway	—
Peninsular War●	1807–1814	First French Empire	—
Ashanti–Fante War	1806–1807	Ashanti Empire,Netherlands Holland	—
British invasions of the Río de la Plata	1806–1807	Spain Spain,Río de la Plata Viceroyalty	—
War of the Fourth Coalition●	1806–1807	France,Confederation of the Rhine	—
First Kandyan War	1803–1805	Kingdom of Kandy	—
Second Anglo-Maratha War	1803–1805	Maratha Empire	—
War of the Third Coalition●	1803–1806	France,Batavian Republic,Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) Italy,Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) Etruria,Spain Spain,Kingdom of Bavaria Bavaria,Kingdom of Württemberg Württemberg	—
Temne War	1800–1865	Kingdom of Koya	—
Third Xhosa War	1799–1803	Xhosa,Khoikhoi rebels	—
War of the Second Coalition●	1798–1802	France,Spain	—
Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)	1796–1808	Spain Spain	—
Cotiote War	1793–1806	Kingdom of Kottayam	—
War in the Vendée	1793–1796	France	—
War of the First Coalition●	1792–1797	France,Spain Spain (from 1796),Batavian Republic (from 1795),Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) French satellite states,Polish Legions (from 1795)	—
Haitian Revolution	1791–1804	France,Polish Legions	—
Northwest Indian War	1785–1795	United States	—
Fourth Anglo-Dutch War	1780–1784	Dutch Republic,France	—
Second Anglo-Mysore War	1780–1784	Mysore,France,Dutch Republic	—
Anglo-Spanish War	1779–1783	Spain Spain	—
Anglo-French War (1778–1783)	1778–1783	France	—
American Revolutionary War●	1775–1783	United States,France (1778–83),Spain Spain (1779–83),Dutch Republic (1780–83),Vermont (1777–83),Oneida,Tuscarora,Watauga Association,Catawba,Lenape	—
First Anglo-Maratha War	1775–1782	Maratha Empire	—
Fantastic War	1762–1763	Spain,France	—
Third Carnatic War	1757–1763	Principality of Bengal,French East India Company,Dutch East India Company	—
Seven Years' War●	1756–1763	France,Austria,Russia,Spain,Sweden,Saxony,Mughal Empire	—
French and Indian War●	1754–1763	France,New France,Wabanaki Confederacy,Abenaki,Algonquin,Caughnawaga Mohawk Faction,Lenape,Miꞌkmaq,Ojibwa,Odawa,Shawnee	—
Second Carnatic War	1749–1754	France,French East India Company,Nawab of Arcot	—
King George's War	1744–1748	France,New France,Wabanaki Confederacy	—
War of the Austrian Succession●	1740–1748	France,Prussia,Spain Spain,Bavaria (1741–45),Saxony (1741–42),Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Sicily,Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Naples,Republic of Genoa,Sweden Sweden (1741–43)	—
War of Jenkins' Ear	1739–1748	Spain Spanish Empire	—
Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)	1727–1729	Spain	—
Chickasaw Wars	1721–1763	France,Choctaw,Illini	—
War of the Quadruple Alliance	1718–1720	Spain,Jacobites	—
Queen Anne's War	1702–1713	British America,Muscogee (Creek),Chickasaw,Yamasee,France,New France,Spain	—
Great Northern War●	1700–1721	Russian Empire Tsardom of Russia,Kalmyk Khanate,Cossack Hetmanate,Denmark–Norway,Electorate of Saxony,Poland–Lithuania	—
King William's War	1689–1697	France,New France,Wabanaki Confederacy	—
Williamite War in Ireland	1689–1691	Irish Jacobites,France	—
Nine Years' War●	1688–1697	France	—
Siamese–English War	1687	Siam	—
Child's War	1686–1690	Mughal Empire	—
Franco-Dutch War●	1672–1678	Dutch Republic,Holy Roman Empire (from 1673),Spain (from 1673),Brandenburg-Prussia (from 1673),Duchy of Lorraine (from 1673),Denmark–Norway (from 1674),England (1678)	—
Third Anglo-Dutch War	1672–1674	Dutch Republic,Denmark-Norway	—
Second Anglo-Dutch War	1665–1667	Dutch Republic,Denmark–Norway,France	—
Dano-Dutch colonial conflict on the Gold Coast	1661–1665	Dutch Republic	—
Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)	1654–1660	Spanish Empire Habsburg Spain,Cavalier	—
First Anglo-Dutch War	1652–1654	Dutch Republic	—
Third English Civil War●	1649–1651	Royalists,Scottish Covenanters	—
First English Civil War●	1642–1646	English and Scottish Royalists	—
Irish Confederate Wars	1641–1653	Irish Catholic Confederation,English and Scottish Royalists	—
Portuguese Restoration War	1640–1668	Spain	—
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)●	1635–1659	Spain,Royalists of the British Isles (from 1657)	—
Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)	1625–1630	Spain	—
Thirty Years' War●	1618–1648	Roman Catholic States and Allies,Holy Roman Empire	—
Uskok War	1615–1618	Holy Roman Empire,Kingdom of Croatia,Habsburg Spain	—
Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands	1609–1621	Dutch East India Company,Japanese mercenaries	—
War of the Jülich Succession	1609–1614	Holy Roman Empire,Principality of Strasbourg,Prince-Bishopric of Liège	—
Nine Years' War (Ireland)●	1594–1603	Alliance of Irish clans,Spain Spain,Scottish Gaelic mercenaries	—
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)●	1585–1604	Spanish Empire	—
War of the Portuguese Succession	1580–1583	Spanish Empire,Kingdom of Portugal Portugal loyal to Philip	—
Rising of the North	1569–1570	Kingdom of England Partisans of Mary, Queen of Scots	—
Eighty Years' War●	1568–1648	Spanish Empire,Holy Roman Empire	—
French Wars of Religion●	1562–1598	Kingdom of France Politiques	—
Italian War of 1551–1559●	1551–1559	Kingdom of France,Republic of Siena,Ottoman Empire	—
Italian War of 1542–1546●	1542–1546	France,Ottoman Empire,Jülich-Cleves-Berg	—
Rough Wooing	1542–1551	Kingdom of England	—
War of the League of Cognac●	1526–1530	Spanish Empire Spain,Holy Roman Empire,Republic of Genoa	—
Italian War of 1521–1526●	1521–1526	France,Republic of Venice	—
War of the League of Cambrai●	1508–1516	France,Duchy of Ferrara,Papal States (1508–1510),Holy Roman Empire (1508–1511),Spain (1508–1511),Scotland (1511–1513),Republic of Florence (1511–1513),Kingdom of Navarre (1511–1513),Venice (1513–1516)	—

Bold = principal belligerent. Source: Wikipedia, “List of interstate wars since 1945.” Figures marked “COW battle deaths” are Correlates of War battle-death counts, which run lower than total deaths.

👥 Population over time

Population 2023

68.7m

#21 in the world

Since 1800

6.39×

from 10.8m

Peak

2023

at its largest now

Share of world

0.85%

1.1% in 1800

Our World in Data population (CC BY): UN WPP 2024 from 1950, Gapminder v7 1800-1949, HYDE 3.3 earlier; today's borders. Figures above are as of 2023, the last year that is estimated rather than forecast. The dashed tail to 2026 is a UN WPP medium-variant projection. It is drawn because the line should reach the present, and drawn differently because it has not happened yet: no rank, peak or share on this page uses it. Before 1950 the series is reconstruction rather than contemporaneous statistics, which is worth knowing when a country’s peak sits back there. The current population shown elsewhere on this page comes from the workbook and is unchanged by this. Note that people and share of world can move in opposite directions. A country can grow steadily and still become a smaller part of humanity, which is what happened to almost every rich country after 1960.

👥 To 2100

The UN’s probabilistic projection for United Kingdom: the median with its 80% and 95% bands, the UN’s own high, low and zero-migration scenarios beside it. Not this site’s model; the site reads it and says what it implies.

Peak on the median

2072

76.1m on the UN median

2050

75.5m

95% band 65.0m to 90.1m

2100

74.3m

95% band 37.6m to 162m

2100 against 2025

1.07×

median falling from 2073

Deaths outnumber births

from 2027

on the UN medium path; migration decides the rest

estimateUN median80% and 95% bandshigh and low fertilityzero migration

What drives it

Births, deaths and net migration on the UN medium path, with fertility, life expectancy and median age, every decade from 1950.

1950

817k born · 589k died · +152k net migration

TFR 2.22 · life expectancy 68.6 · median age 33.9

1960

911k born · 601k died · +20k net migration

TFR 2.70 · life expectancy 71.0 · median age 34.5

1970

896k born · 658k died · -15k net migration

TFR 2.42 · life expectancy 71.9 · median age 33.2

1980

750k born · 664k died · -25k net migration

TFR 1.89 · life expectancy 73.6 · median age 33.3

1990

798k born · 648k died · +57k net migration

TFR 1.83 · life expectancy 75.7 · median age 34.9

2000

685k born · 617k died · +154k net migration

TFR 1.64 · life expectancy 77.8 · median age 36.6

2010

812k born · 568k died · +275k net migration

TFR 1.92 · life expectancy 80.4 · median age 38.2

2020

687k born · 692k died · +144k net migration

TFR 1.57 · life expectancy 80.4 · median age 39.2

Year	Births	Deaths	Net migration	Fertility	Life expectancy	Median age
1950	817k	589k	+152k	2.22	68.6	33.9
1960	911k	601k	+20k	2.70	71.0	34.5
1970	896k	658k	-15k	2.42	71.9	33.2
1980	750k	664k	-25k	1.89	73.6	33.3
1990	798k	648k	+57k	1.83	75.7	34.9
2000	685k	617k	+154k	1.64	77.8	36.6
2010	812k	568k	+275k	1.92	80.4	38.2
2020	687k	692k	+144k	1.57	80.4	39.2
2030 proj.	679k	696k	+331k	1.52	82.4	40.7
2040 proj.	728k	757k	+237k	1.53	83.8	42.1
2050 proj.	727k	805k	+196k	1.55	85.1	42.9
2060 proj.	677k	840k	+163k	1.56	86.3	44.7
2070 proj.	680k	835k	+165k	1.57	87.4	45.9
2080 proj.	685k	854k	+137k	1.58	88.5	46.4
2090 proj.	652k	855k	+116k	1.59	89.5	47.0
2100 proj.	636k	869k	+97k	1.59	90.6	47.9

Every country to 2100 →

Source: United Nations, DESA, Population Division. World Population Prospects 2024. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Estimates to 2023; projections 2024 to 2100, medium variant and probabilistic intervals. The UN revises every two years; this is the WPP 2024 revision.

💰 Billionaires58 · $303.5B combined · click to expand

Sort by

#129Michael Platt

Finance & Investments · Hedge funds

$20.9B

#147Nik Storonsky

Finance & Investments · Fintech

$18.8B

#150James Ratcliffe

Manufacturing · Chemicals

$18.1B

#206James Dyson

Manufacturing · Vacuums

$15.1B

#231Dmitri Bukhman

Media & Entertainment · Online games

$13.6B

#231Igor Bukhman

Media & Entertainment · Online games

$13.6B

#233David Reuben

Real Estate · Investments, real estate

$13.4B

#233Simon Reuben

Diversified · Real estate, investments

$13.4B

#267Alexander Gerko

Finance & Investments · Trading

$12.1B

#282Christopher Hohn

Finance & Investments · Hedge funds

$11.8B

#380Anthony Bamford & family(inherited)

Construction & Engineering · Construction equipment

$9.4B

#468Denise Coates

Gambling & Casinos · Online gambling

$8.2B


129	Michael Platt	$20.9B	Finance & Investments	Hedge funds
147	Nik Storonsky	$18.8B	Finance & Investments	Fintech
150	James Ratcliffe	$18.1B	Manufacturing	Chemicals
206	James Dyson	$15.1B	Manufacturing	Vacuums
231	Dmitri Bukhman	$13.6B	Media & Entertainment	Online games
231	Igor Bukhman	$13.6B	Media & Entertainment	Online games
233	David Reuben	$13.4B	Real Estate	Investments, real estate
233	Simon Reuben	$13.4B	Diversified	Real estate, investments
267	Alexander Gerko	$12.1B	Finance & Investments	Trading
282	Christopher Hohn	$11.8B	Finance & Investments	Hedge funds
380	Anthony Bamford & family(inherited)	$9.4B	Construction & Engineering	Construction equipment
468	Denise Coates	$8.2B	Gambling & Casinos	Online gambling
577	Joe Lewis	$7.0B	Finance & Investments	Investments
583	Clive Calder	$6.9B	Media & Entertainment	Record label
648	Michael Ashley	$6.4B	Fashion & Retail	Sports retailing
671	Tom Morris	$6.2B	Fashion & Retail	Retail
685	Andrew Currie	$6.0B	Manufacturing	Chemicals
688	John Reece	$6.0B	Manufacturing	Chemicals
795	Ian Livingstone	$5.4B	Real Estate	Real estate
795	Richard Livingstone	$5.4B	Real Estate	Real estate
940	Laurence Graff & family	$4.5B	Fashion & Retail	Diamond jewelry
1001	Hilton Schlosberg & family	$4.3B	Food & Beverage	Energy drinks
1008	John Caudwell	$4.3B	Telecom	Mobile phones
1181	Peter Hargreaves	$3.7B	Finance & Investments	Financial services
1233	Anthony Langley	$3.5B	Diversified	Manufacturing
1314	Alan Howard	$3.3B	Finance & Investments	Hedge funds
1334	Maritsa Lazari & family	$3.2B	Real Estate	Real estate
1388	John Coates	$3.1B	Gambling & Casinos	Online gambling
1503	Richard Branson	$2.8B	Diversified	Virgin
1517	Bernard Lewis & family	$2.8B	Fashion & Retail	Fashion retailer
1536	Alex Beard	$2.8B	Metals & Mining	Mining, commodities
1554	Farhad Moshiri	$2.7B	Diversified	Diversified
1598	Andrey Andreev	$2.6B	Technology	Online dating
1606	Bernard Ecclestone & family	$2.6B	Sports	Formula One
1758	Dennis Gillings	$2.4B	Healthcare	Clinical trials
1835	Christopher Rokos	$2.3B	Finance & Investments	Hedge fund
1958	Stephen Rubin & family(inherited)	$2.1B	Fashion & Retail	Sports apparel
1964	Simon Nixon	$2.1B	Technology	Price comparison website
1987	John Bloor	$2.1B	Diversified	Real estate, manufacturing
2043	Mark Coombs	$2.1B	Finance & Investments	Finance
2102	Michael Ashcroft	$2.0B	Finance & Investments	Security
2121	Richard Desmond	$2.0B	Media & Entertainment	Publishing
2136	Robert Miller	$2.0B	Fashion & Retail	Retail
2181	Ilyas Khan	$1.9B	Technology
2233	Peter Kelly	$1.9B	Technology	I.T.
2335	Will Adderley(inherited)	$1.8B	Fashion & Retail	Home furnishings
2796	Cristina Green	$1.4B	Fashion & Retail	Fashion retail
2796	Philip Green	$1.4B	Fashion & Retail	Fashion retail
2844	Michael Spencer	$1.4B	Finance & Investments	Stock exchange
2872	Mark Dixon	$1.4B	Real Estate	Office real estate
2967	Kenneth Lo(inherited)	$1.3B	Fashion & Retail	Textile
2982	Donald Mackenzie	$1.3B	Finance & Investments	Private equity
3003	Mohammed Ibrahim	$1.3B	Telecom	Communications
3023	Ben Francis	$1.2B	Fashion & Retail	Fitness clothing
3066	J.K. Rowling	$1.2B	Media & Entertainment	Books
3139	John Christodoulou	$1.2B	Real Estate	Real estate
3389	Saket Burman(inherited)	$1.0B	Food & Beverage	Consumer goods
3397	David Beckham	$1.0B	Sports	Soccer

Source: Forbes real-time billionaires (via the rtb-api project). Net worth as of the latest monthly snapshot.

🏆 National Teams

Great Britain competes as one at the Olympics and in a handful of other sports, while England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland field separate sides in football, rugby and more (Ireland's all-island teams cover Northern Ireland).

Elo-ranked; no Olympic or World Cup honours yet

National Teams Champions

Every major championship won by United Kingdom's national teams, newest first. 140 in total.

England

2025· 2025-07-27

UEFA Women's Championship

UEFA Women's Championship

2022· 2022-11-13

T20 World Cup

England

2022· 2022-07-31

2021· 2021-03-26

2020· 2020-10-31

2019· 2019-07-14

Cricket World Cup

2019· 2019-03-16

2019· 2019-03-16

Six Nations Grand Slam

2017· 2017-03-18

2016· 2016-03-19

2016· 2016-03-19

Six Nations Grand Slam

2013· 2013-03-16