Estonia
population: Official estimate (1 Jan 2026) · indicators as of 5 Sep 2026 · 10 metros tracked
🗺️ Geography10 metros
Estonia metro footprint, shaded by composite tier.
Select a metro for its rank and a link to its page. Boundaries derived from Overture Maps administrative divisions; metros without source coverage are omitted.
🏙️ 10 tracked metros
📋 At a glance
- Official language
- Estonian
- Currency
- Euro (€)
- Government
- Parliamentary republic
- Legislature
- Riigikogu
- Constitution
- 1992, 5 amendment events since
- Demonym
- Estonian
- Time zone
- UTC+02:00
- Driving side
- Right
- Calling code
- +372
- Internet TLD
- .ee
- ISO 3166
- EE
- Established
- 1918
- Highest point
- Suur Munamägi (317 m (1,040 ft))
- National anthem
- Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm
Facts via Wikidata.
🗣️ Languages of Estonia
Estonian first; 4 languages share the country; 1 official.
| Language | Share | Status | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Estonian | 71% | Official | CLDR, country |
| Russian | 56% | None | CLDR, country |
| English | 50% | None | CLDR, country |
| Finnish | 21% | None | CLDR, country |
| South Estonian | 5.7% | None | CLDR, country |
| Interlingue (Occidental) | 0% | None | CLDR, country |
Shares count first and second language, so they overlap and can add past 100%.
- English reach
- 50%
- Tier 3 country
- Effective languages
- 1.0
- Official-language gap
- 29%
- Estonian is spoken by 71%
💹 Economy and developmentHigh income
Ranks are among sovereign countries with data; ★ marks a top-5% finish. Sources: World Bank Open Data and Our World in Data (UNDP, UN WPP, V-Dem, Global Carbon Budget, Ember, Energy Institute; CC BY 4.0). Each card credits its originating body. Renewable share is of electricity generation, not of primary energy. Each figure is the most recent year available.
Alliances & Organisations4 full memberships
Full memberDashed border = Candidate / ApplicantItalic = Dialogue / Observer
🏛️ Leadership History27 leaders · click to expand
Other
First Republic
📈 Power over timeThe Power Atlas →
The power line is the headline share of world power, running from the state’s first ranked year (benchmark estimates with wide error bars before 1816). Latent power is material mass a state could mobilise (population, manpower, heavy industry). Recognised power is what the system actually treats it as (military spending, productive economy, reach, and status such as a Security Council seat or nuclear arsenal). When latent runs above recognised, a power is rising or under-rated; when recognised runs higher, it is punching above its weight or coasting on prestige. Material sub-indices run 1816 through 2016.
⚔️ Wars and conflicts4 interstate wars · click to expand
| Conflict | Years | Against | Combat deaths |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) | 1940 | Soviet Union | — |
| Estonian War of Independence● | 1918–1920 | Russian SFSR,Commune of Estonia,Latvian SSR | 11,750+ |
| Latvian War of Independence● | 1918–1920 | Russian SFSR,Latvian SSR | 13,246+ |
| Russian Civil War● | 1917–1922 | Russian SFSR,Other Soviet republics,Mongolian People's Party | 1,029,225+ |
Bold = principal belligerent. Source: Wikipedia, “List of interstate wars since 1945.” Figures marked “COW battle deaths” are Correlates of War battle-death counts, which run lower than total deaths.
👥 Population over time
Our World in Data population (CC BY): UN WPP 2024 from 1950, Gapminder v7 1800-1949, HYDE 3.3 earlier; today's borders. Figures above are as of 2023, the last year that is estimated rather than forecast. The dashed tail to 2026 is a UN WPP medium-variant projection. It is drawn because the line should reach the present, and drawn differently because it has not happened yet: no rank, peak or share on this page uses it. Before 1950 the series is reconstruction rather than contemporaneous statistics, which is worth knowing when a country’s peak sits back there. The current population shown elsewhere on this page comes from the workbook and is unchanged by this. Estonia is past its peak, which is less unusual than it sounds: the two lines here can point in opposite directions, and for most of Europe and East Asia they now both point down.
👥 To 2100
The UN’s probabilistic projection for Estonia: the median with its 80% and 95% bands, the UN’s own high, low and zero-migration scenarios beside it. Not this site’s model; the site reads it and says what it implies.
What drives it
Births, deaths and net migration on the UN medium path, with fertility, life expectancy and median age, every decade from 1950.
Source: United Nations, DESA, Population Division. World Population Prospects 2024. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Estimates to 2023; projections 2024 to 2100, medium variant and probabilistic intervals. The UN revises every two years; this is the WPP 2024 revision.
💰 Billionaires3 · $4.7B combined · click to expand
Source: Forbes real-time billionaires (via the rtb-api project). Net worth as of the latest monthly snapshot.
🏆 National Teams
Estonia on the international stage. Select a card for the full record.