Conurbations
Conurbations are multi-metro networks ranked by the sum of composite scores across their members. Three layers feed the list. Named megaregions surface the canonical multi-city groupings the workbook can't form on its own (Pearl River Delta, Jing-Jin-Ji, Randstad, Flemish Diamond). Editorial overrides give each Global Capital, World City, and Major Metro that's structurally a conurbation its true civic name (Tri-State Area, Bay Area, Sudogwon, Île-de-France, Twin Cities, DFW Metroplex, Wasatch Front, Chukyo, Jabodetabek, Chang-Zhu-Tan, Research Triangle, Merseyside, and 40 others). Auto-clustered networks fill the long tail: connected components formed at a 75 km link distance, recursively split when a cluster exceeds its size-dependent average-pairwise ceiling so transitive chains can't masquerade as whole-country belts. Tiers mirror the individual metro scale exactly: Global (cluster score ≥100), World (50-100), Major (20-50), Regional (<20). The top of the list is Pearl River Delta at 188.5, Tri-State Area at 181.1, Greater London at 180.1, Jing-Jin-Ji at 144.3, Île-de-France at 142.6. The middle tier captures the canonical cross-border twins (Detroit-Windsor, San Diego-Tijuana, Vienna-Bratislava, Kinshasa-Brazzaville, Nice-Monaco) and tight regional networks (Florence-Pisa-Siena-Lucca, Hartford-New Haven-Springfield-New London, Prague-Pardubice-Liberec, Edinburgh-Central Scotland, the Caribbean Sint Maarten cluster, the upstate New York belt).
238 qualifying clustersMethodology →
Tier A
13
Global
Tier B
35
World
Tier C
74
Major
Tier D
116
Regional
Tier A — Global
Cluster score of 100 or more, mirroring the Global Capital threshold for individual metros. The gravitationally heaviest conurbations on Earth: Pearl River Delta, New York, London, Jing-Jin-Ji, Paris, Tokyo, San Francisco-San Jose, Los Angeles, Seoul, Shanghai, Boston-Providence, Randstad, Toronto.
| Rank | Metro | Cluster score | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Greater South EastUnited Kingdom | 201.6 | Global Capital |
| #2 | Tri-State AreaUnited States New Haven (11 metros, 112 km, 22.9M pop) | 189.6 | Global Capital |
| #3 | Pearl River DeltaChina / Hong Kong / Macau | 188.5 | World City |
| #4 | Jing-Jin-JiChina Tianjin (6 metros, 103 km, 41.9M pop) | 144.3 | Global Capital |
| #5 | Île-de-FranceFrance Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, Saint-Denis, Argenteuil, Versailles, Créteil (6 areas, 12.9M pop) | 142.6 | Global Capital |
| #6 | Greater TokyoJapan Tokyo, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Saitama, Chiba (5 areas, 40.3M pop) | 132.9 | Global Capital |
| #7 | Bay AreaUnited States San Francisco, San Jose, Oakland, Fremont, Berkeley, Palo Alto (6 areas, 8.0M pop) | 122.7 | Global Capital |
| #8 | Greater Los AngelesUnited States Los Angeles, Long Beach, Anaheim, Riverside-San Bernardino, Santa Ana, Glendale (6 areas, 18.5M pop) | 109.8 | Global Capital |
| #9 | SudogwonSouth Korea Seoul, Incheon, Suwon, Bucheon, Goyang, Seongnam (6 areas, 26.0M pop) | 107.0 | Global Capital |
| #10 | Yangtze River DeltaChina Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, Nantong, Jiaxing (5 areas, 50.4M pop) | 104.5 | Global Capital |
| #11 | BostonUnited States Providence (2 metros, 67 km, 8.5M pop) | 100.8 | World City |
| #12 | RandstadNetherlands | 100.6 | World City |
| #13 | TorontoCanada / United States | 100.1 | World City |
Tier B — World
Cluster score between 50 and 100, mirroring the World City band. Substantial multi-metro networks that anchor a continent or region: Washington-Baltimore, Chicago, Flemish Diamond, Singapore-Johor Bahru-Batam, Zurich-Basel-Freiburg, Sydney-Wollongong, Osaka-Kyoto-Kobe, Moscow, Madrid, Houston, Istanbul.
| Rank | Metro | Cluster score | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|
| #14 | Capital Region (DMV)United States Washington DC, Baltimore, Arlington VA, Alexandria, Bethesda (5 areas, 10.2M pop) | 96.7 | World City |
| #15 | ChicagolandUnited States Chicago, Naperville, Aurora, Joliet, Gary IN (5 areas, 9.9M pop) | 90.5 | World City |
| #16 | Flemish DiamondBelgium | 80.5 | World City |
| #17 | SingaporeSingapore / Malaysia / Indonesia | 78.6 | World City |
| #18 | ZurichSwitzerland / Germany / France | 77.4 | Major Metro |
| #19 | SydneyAustralia Wollongong (2 metros, 70 km, 5.8M pop) | 75.9 | World City |
| #20 | KeihanshinJapan Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe, Nara, Sakai (5 areas, 18.1M pop) | 72.7 | World City |
| #21 | Sao PauloBrazil Santos (2 metros, 55 km, 24.2M pop) | 72.5 | World City |
| #22 | Greater MoscowRussia Moscow, Khimki, Mytishchi, Balashikha, Lyubertsy, Podolsk (6 areas, 21.5M pop) | 70.3 | World City |
| #23 | NanjingChina | 70.2 | Major Metro |
| #24 | MilanItaly Novara (2 metros, 44 km, 8.2M pop) | 70.0 | World City |
| #25 | Comunidad de MadridSpain Madrid, Móstoles, Alcalá de Henares, Getafe, Leganés, Fuenlabrada (6 areas, 6.9M pop) | 68.0 | World City |
| #26 | Rhine-RuhrGermany | 67.0 | World City |
| #27 | MelbourneAustralia Geelong (2 metros, 66 km, 5.8M pop) | 66.3 | World City |
| #28 | Greater HoustonUnited States Houston, Sugar Land, The Woodlands, Pasadena, Pearland, Galveston (6 areas, 8.0M pop) | 65.5 | World City |
| #29 | Greater IstanbulTurkey Istanbul, Beyoğlu, Kadıköy, Ümraniye, Bağcılar (5 areas, 16.3M pop) | 65.3 | World City |
| #30 | North-West EnglandUnited Kingdom | 64.5 | Major Metro |
| #31 | BangkokThailand Chonburi (2 metros, 68 km, 19.0M pop) | 62.5 | World City |
| #32 | South FloridaUnited States Miami, Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, Hollywood FL, Pembroke Pines (5 areas, 6.5M pop) | 62.0 | World City |
| #33 | Valle de MéxicoMexico Mexico City, Naucalpan, Ecatepec, Tlalnepantla, Nezahualcóyotl (5 areas, 26.4M pop) | 61.6 | World City |
| #34 | EdinburghUnited Kingdom Glasgow, Dundee, St. Andrews, Perth (Scotland), Falkirk, Ayr, Kilmarnock (8 metros, 152 km, 3.2M pop) | 60.9 | Major Metro |
| #35 | Delaware ValleyUnited States Philadelphia, Camden NJ, Wilmington DE, Chester PA, Trenton (5 areas, 7.3M pop) | 60.5 | World City |
| #36 | Berlin-BrandenburgGermany Berlin, Potsdam, Brandenburg an der Havel, Eberswalde (4 areas, 5.7M pop) | 59.7 | World City |
| #37 | Puget SoundUnited States Seattle, Tacoma, Bellevue, Everett, Renton, Kent (6 areas, 5.1M pop) | 58.7 | World City |
| #38 | DFW MetroplexUnited States Dallas, Fort Worth, Arlington TX, Plano, Irving, Garland, Frisco (7 areas, 8.7M pop) | 57.5 | World City |
| #39 | Greater BarcelonaSpain Barcelona, Sabadell, Terrassa, Mataró, L'Hospitalet, Badalona (6 areas, 5.7M pop) | 56.7 | World City |
| #40 | Metro AtlantaUnited States Atlanta, Sandy Springs, Roswell, Marietta, Alpharetta, Smyrna (6 areas, 7.3M pop) | 56.7 | World City |
| #41 | Kuala LumpurMalaysia Bentong (2 metros, 49 km, 9.8M pop) | 56.4 | World City |
| #42 | Northern EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain (4 areas, 5.7M pop) | 56.0 | World City |
| #43 | Buenos AiresArgentina La Plata (2 metros, 54 km, 16.1M pop) | 55.2 | World City |
| #44 | Mumbai Metropolitan RegionIndia Mumbai, Thane, Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar, Vasai-Virar, Kalyan-Dombivli (6 areas, 23.1M pop) | 54.0 | World City |
| #45 | ViennaAustria / Slovakia Bratislava (2 metros, 55 km, 3.4M pop) | 53.7 | Major Metro |
| #46 | RomeItaly / Vatican City | 52.5 | Major Metro |
| #47 | MunichGermany Munich, Augsburg, Ingolstadt, Rosenheim, Landshut, Freising (6 areas, 6.1M pop) | 51.9 | World City |
| #48 | ManilaPhilippines Angeles (2 metros, 74 km, 31.2M pop) | 51.0 | Major Metro |
Tier C — Major
Cluster score between 20 and 50, mirroring the Major Metro band. Regionally meaningful conurbations where multiple metros stack into a real network: Edinburgh-Central Scotland, Detroit-Windsor, Vienna-Bratislava, Florence-Pisa-Siena-Lucca, Bilbao-Bayonne, Helsinki, Cardiff-Bristol-Bath.
| Rank | Metro | Cluster score | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|
| #49 | TaipeiTaiwan Hsinchu (2 metros, 65 km, 10.3M pop) | 49.5 | Major Metro |
| #50 | JabodetabekIndonesia Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi (5 areas, 36.2M pop) | 48.3 | Major Metro |
| #51 | Rhein-MainGermany Frankfurt, Offenbach, Wiesbaden, Mainz, Hanau (5 areas, 6.0M pop) | 47.7 | Major Metro |
| #52 | DelhiIndia Ghaziabad (2 metros, 25 km, 36.8M pop) | 46.7 | Major Metro |
| #53 | Tel-AvivIsrael / Palestine | 46.3 | Major Metro |
| #54 | GautengSouth Africa Johannesburg, Soweto, Sandton, Roodepoort, Randburg (5 areas, 15.1M pop) | 46.2 | Major Metro |
| #55 | San DiegoUnited States / Mexico Tijuana (2 metros, 24 km, 5.5M pop) | 45.9 | Major Metro |
| #56 | StockholmSweden Uppsala (2 metros, 63 km, 2.7M pop) | 45.9 | Major Metro |
| #57 | BirminghamUnited Kingdom | 44.9 | Major Metro |
| #58 | CopenhagenDenmark / Sweden Malmo (2 metros, 31 km, 2.9M pop) | 44.5 | Major Metro |
| #59 | Greater CairoEgypt Cairo, Giza, 6th of October City, Helwan, Shubra El Kheima (5 areas, 23.7M pop) | 43.9 | Major Metro |
| #60 | BrisbaneAustralia Gold Coast (2 metros, 71 km, 3.5M pop) | 42.1 | Major Metro |
| #61 | Greater MontrealCanada Montreal, Laval, Longueuil, Brossard (4 areas, 5.2M pop) | 41.9 | Major Metro |
| #62 | DenverUnited States Denver, Aurora, Lakewood CO, Boulder, Centennial (5 areas, 3.4M pop) | 40.9 | Major Metro |
| #63 | Metro VancouverCanada Vancouver, Burnaby, Surrey, Richmond BC, Coquitlam (5 areas, 3.5M pop) | 40.7 | Major Metro |
| #64 | Wuhan Tri-CityChina Hankou, Hanyang, Wuchang (3 areas, 13.5M pop) | 40.6 | Major Metro |
| #65 | DetroitUnited States / Canada Windsor (2 metros, 2 km, 5.9M pop) | 40.3 | Major Metro |
| #66 | Las Vegas ValleyUnited States Las Vegas, Henderson, North Las Vegas, Paradise, Spring Valley (5 areas, 2.5M pop) | 39.4 | Major Metro |
| #67 | Greater LisbonPortugal Lisbon, Cascais, Sintra, Loures, Almada, Amadora (6 areas, 3.2M pop) | 39.4 | Major Metro |
| #68 | Rio de JaneiroBrazil Saquarema (2 metros, 68 km, 13.0M pop) | 39.2 | Major Metro |
| #69 | HangzhouChina Hangzhou, Yuhang, Xiaoshan, Lin'an, Tonglu (5 areas, 17.2M pop) | 38.6 | Major Metro |
| #70 | Twin CitiesUnited States Minneapolis, St. Paul, Bloomington MN, Plymouth (4 areas, 4.2M pop) | 37.7 | Major Metro |
| #71 | BolognaItaly | 35.7 | Regional Hub |
| #72 | GenevaSwitzerland / France | 35.6 | Major Metro |
| #73 | Greater DohaQatar Doha, Al Wakrah, Al Rayyan, Al Khor (4 areas, 2.7M pop) | 34.9 | Major Metro |
| #74 | PragueCzech Republic | 34.7 | Major Metro |
| #75 | Chang-Zhu-TanChina Changsha, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan (3 areas, 16.7M pop) | 34.2 | Major Metro |
| #76 | St. LouisUnited States St. Louis, East St. Louis, Belleville IL, St. Charles MO (4 areas, 2.9M pop) | 34.0 | Major Metro |
| #77 | Busan-UlsanSouth Korea Busan, Ulsan, Gimhae, Yangsan (4 areas, 8.1M pop) | 33.9 | Major Metro |
| #78 | TampaUnited States Sarasota (2 metros, 69 km, 4.6M pop) | 33.6 | Major Metro |
| #79 | Valley of the SunUnited States Phoenix, Mesa, Scottsdale, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, Glendale AZ (7 areas, 5.2M pop) | 33.6 | Major Metro |
| #80 | AtticaGreece Athens, Piraeus, Acharnes, Peristeri, Kallithea (5 areas, 3.8M pop) | 33.2 | Major Metro |
| #81 | BilbaoSpain | 32.7 | Regional Hub |
| #82 | JeddahSaudi Arabia Mecca (2 metros, 66 km, 6.3M pop) | 32.1 | Major Metro |
| #83 | Greater Dublin AreaIreland Dublin, Tallaght, Swords, Dún Laoghaire, Blanchardstown (5 areas, 1.7M pop) | 32.0 | Major Metro |
| #84 | ChukyoJapan Nagoya, Toyota, Toyohashi, Okazaki, Kasugai (5 areas, 10.6M pop) | 31.9 | Major Metro |
| #85 | PortlandUnited States Portland, Vancouver WA, Beaverton, Gresham, Hillsboro (5 areas, 3.3M pop) | 31.7 | Major Metro |
| #86 | ManamaBahrain / Saudi Arabia Dammam (2 metros, 54 km, 4.2M pop) | 31.4 | Regional Hub |
| #87 | CharlotteUnited States Hickory (2 metros, 72 km, 3.4M pop) | 30.4 | Major Metro |
| #88 | KrakowPoland / Czech Republic | 30.4 | Regional Hub |
| #89 | IndianapolisUnited States Bloomington (2 metros, 74 km, 2.8M pop) | 30.0 | Major Metro |
| #90 | HamburgGermany Hamburg, Lübeck, Norderstedt, Pinneberg (4 areas, 4.8M pop) | 30.0 | Major Metro |
| #91 | CardiffUnited Kingdom | 29.6 | Regional Hub |
| #92 | Kolkata MetroIndia Kolkata, Howrah, Bidhannagar, Hooghly, Barrackpore (5 areas, 24.9M pop) | 29.6 | Major Metro |
| #93 | ValenciaSpain Castellon (2 metros, 64 km, 3.0M pop) | 29.5 | Major Metro |
| #94 | ClevelandUnited States Cleveland, Akron, Lorain, Lakewood OH, Parma (5 areas, 3.6M pop) | 29.5 | Major Metro |
| #95 | NiceFrance / Monaco | 29.4 | Regional Hub |
| #96 | PortoPortugal Minho (2 metros, 47 km, 2.9M pop) | 28.4 | Major Metro |
| #97 | ZhengzhouChina | 28.1 | Major Metro |
| #98 | Research TriangleUnited States Raleigh, Durham, Cary, Chapel Hill (4 areas, 2.3M pop) | 27.7 | Major Metro |
| #99 | Greater TehranIran Tehran, Karaj, Eslamshahr, Rey, Varamin (5 areas, 16.0M pop) | 27.6 | Major Metro |
| #100 | MarseilleFrance Toulon (2 metros, 49 km, 2.9M pop) | 27.2 | Major Metro |
| #101 | FlorenceItaly | 27.2 | Regional Hub |
| #102 | NashvilleUnited States Clarksville (2 metros, 66 km, 2.6M pop) | 26.8 | Major Metro |
| #103 | Stuttgart RegionGermany Stuttgart, Esslingen, Ludwigsburg, Sindelfingen, Tübingen (5 areas, 5.5M pop) | 26.8 | Major Metro |
| #104 | LyonFrance | 26.7 | Major Metro |
| #105 | Wasatch FrontUnited States Salt Lake City, Provo, Ogden, West Valley (4 areas, 2.9M pop) | 26.7 | Major Metro |
| #106 | HefeiChina Lu'an (2 metros, 67 km, 13.8M pop) | 25.8 | Major Metro |
| #107 | XiamenChina Zhangzhou (2 metros, 45 km, 7.3M pop) | 25.6 | Major Metro |
| #108 | Veneto TriangleItaly Venice, Padua, Mestre, Treviso (4 areas, 2.6M pop) | 25.6 | Major Metro |
| #109 | NaplesItaly Salerno (2 metros, 46 km, 4.6M pop) | 24.8 | Major Metro |
| #110 | Kansas CityUnited States Kansas City MO, Kansas City KS, Overland Park, Olathe, Independence (5 areas, 2.6M pop) | 24.7 | Major Metro |
| #111 | Mid-LiaoningChina Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, Benxi, Liaoyang (5 areas, 9.1M pop) | 24.5 | Major Metro |
| #112 | Ho Chi Minh CityVietnam Vũng Tàu (2 metros, 73 km, 13.3M pop) | 24.3 | Major Metro |
| #113 | JinanChina Tai'an (2 metros, 51 km, 14.7M pop) | 23.4 | Major Metro |
| #114 | Rhine-NeckarGermany | 22.9 | Regional Hub |
| #115 | FuzhouChina Ningde (2 metros, 70 km, 11.4M pop) | 21.3 | Regional Hub |
| #116 | CincinnatiUnited States Cincinnati, Covington KY, Newport KY, Florence KY (4 areas, 2.3M pop) | 21.2 | Major Metro |
| #117 | HelsinkiFinland Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen (4 areas, 1.7M pop) | 21.2 | Major Metro |
| #118 | LiegeBelgium / Netherlands / Germany | 21.1 | Established City |
| #119 | Lima-CallaoPeru Lima, Callao, San Juan de Lurigancho, Comas (4 areas, 11.3M pop) | 20.8 | Major Metro |
| #120 | NingboChina Zhoushan (2 metros, 65 km, 10.6M pop) | 20.1 | Regional Hub |
| #121 | SouthamptonUnited Kingdom | 20.0 | Established City |
| #122 | Hannover-BrunswickGermany Hannover, Braunschweig, Salzgitter, Wolfsburg (4 areas, 3.2M pop) | 20.0 | Major Metro |
Tier D — Regional
Cluster score under 20, mirroring the Regional Hub and lower bands. The long tail of small-but-real conurbations that satisfy the distance rule without contributing major economic weight on their own.
| Rank | Metro | Cluster score | Tier |
|---|---|---|---|
| M#221 | NewcastleUnited Kingdom | 19.6 | Regional Hub |
| M#158 | SacramentoUnited States Stockton (2 metros, 70 km, 3.6M pop) | 19.4 | Regional Hub |
| M#165 | FukuokaJapan Kitakyushu (2 metros, 53 km, 4.5M pop) | 19.3 | Regional Hub |
| M#161 | DhakaBangladesh Tangail (2 metros, 70 km, 30.5M pop) | 18.5 | Regional Hub |
| M#196 | Leeds-BradfordUnited Kingdom York (2 metros, 35 km, 2.6M pop) | 18.1 | Regional Hub |
| M#219 | KaohsiungTaiwan Tainan (2 metros, 41 km, 4.6M pop) | 17.6 | Regional Hub |
| M#193 | ToulouseFrance | 16.5 | Regional Hub |
| M#185 | TaiyuanChina Xinzhou (2 metros, 62 km, 8.0M pop) | 16.4 | Regional Hub |
| M#180 | HiroshimaJapan Matsuyama (2 metros, 68 km, 3.0M pop) | 16.2 | Regional Hub |
| M#313 | LinzAustria | 16.2 | Established City |
| M#188 | DaejeonSouth Korea Jeonju (2 metros, 62 km, 5.8M pop) | 16.0 | Regional Hub |
| M#487 | DavosSwitzerland / Germany / Austria / Liechtenstein | 15.9 | Emerging City |
| M#256 | Luxembourg CityLuxembourg / France | 15.3 | Regional Hub |
| M#258 | LiuzhouChina Laibin (2 metros, 69 km, 6.2M pop) | 15.2 | Regional Hub |
| M#215 | LahorePakistan / India Amritsar (2 metros, 51 km, 17.1M pop) | 14.3 | Regional Hub |
| M#513 | The ValleyAnguilla / Saint Barthélemy / St. Kitts & Nevis / Sint Maarten / Saint Martin | 14.3 | Emerging City |
| M#211 | DaeguSouth Korea Gimcheon (2 metros, 53 km, 3.6M pop) | 14.1 | Regional Hub |
| M#263 | AarhusDenmark | 13.9 | Established City |
| M#290 | MontpellierFrance | 13.8 | Established City |
| M#236 | NantesFrance Saint-Nazaire (2 metros, 50 km, 1.5M pop) | 12.8 | Regional Hub |
| M#250 | VeronaItaly Vicenza (2 metros, 44 km, 1.8M pop) | 12.8 | Regional Hub |
| M#233 | SendaiJapan Fukushima (2 metros, 68 km, 2.7M pop) | 12.7 | Regional Hub |
| M#282 | EindhovenNetherlands | 12.3 | Established City |
| M#232 | PyongyangNorth Korea Wonsan (2 metros, 0 km, 5.0M pop) | 12.0 | Regional Hub |
| M#272 | KinshasaCongo DR / Congo Brazzaville (2 metros, 11 km, 17.2M pop) | 11.7 | Established City |
| M#429 | LimassolCyprus | 11.6 | Established City |
| M#426 | Erfurt-Weimar-JenaGermany | 11.5 | Established City |
| M#253 | GoianiaBrazil Anápolis (2 metros, 52 km, 3.2M pop) | 11.3 | Regional Hub |
| M#274 | ZhanjiangChina Maoming (2 metros, 74 km, 13.2M pop) | 11.3 | Established City |
| M#598 | AlicanteSpain | 11.2 | Emerging City |
| M#259 | DresdenGermany / Czech Republic Teplice (2 metros, 46 km, 1.5M pop) | 10.9 | Established City |
| M#400 | OdenseDenmark | 10.8 | Established City |
| M#470 | HandanChina | 10.8 | Emerging City |
| M#329 | XuzhouChina Zaozhuang (2 metros, 63 km, 12.9M pop) | 10.7 | Established City |
| M#275 | ThessalonikiGreece Serres (2 metros, 71 km, 1.2M pop) | 10.1 | Established City |
| M#279 | CancunMexico Playa del Carmen (2 metros, 64 km, 1.3M pop) | 10.0 | Established City |
| M#430 | SavannahUnited States Hilton Head (2 metros, 35 km, 876K pop) | 9.6 | Established City |
| M#471 | BolzanoItaly Trento (2 metros, 51 km, 1.1M pop) | 9.6 | Emerging City |
| M#334 | JiaxingChina Suzhou (2 metros, 63 km, 7.2M pop) | 8.5 | Established City |
| M#450 | OkayamaJapan Takamatsu (2 metros, 36 km, 3.3M pop) | 8.3 | Established City |
| M#518 | KotorMontenegro / Croatia | 8.3 | Emerging City |
| M#523 | ShizuokaJapan | 8.3 | Emerging City |
| M#533 | El PasoUnited States / Mexico | 8.2 | Emerging City |
| M#512 | ZiboChina | 8.1 | Emerging City |
| M#384 | BarranquillaColombia Santa Marta (2 metros, 70 km, 2.9M pop) | 8.0 | Established City |
| M#532 | QuerétaroMexico San Miguel de Allende (2 metros, 52 km, 1.8M pop) | 7.5 | Emerging City |
| M#403 | Port ElizabethSouth Africa Jeffreys Bay (2 metros, 63 km, 1.3M pop) | 6.9 | Established City |
| M#428 | WrocławPoland Lubin (2 metros, 66 km, 1.1M pop) | 6.7 | Established City |
| M#444 | PalermoItaly Trapani (2 metros, 73 km, 1.6M pop) | 6.7 | Established City |
| M#389 | Port LouisMauritius Curepipe (2 metros, 18 km, 710K pop) | 6.2 | Established City |
| M#493 | GibraltarGibraltar / Morocco Tangier (2 metros, 58 km, 1.2M pop) | 6.2 | Emerging City |
| M#466 | Fort CollinsUnited States Greeley (2 metros, 33 km, 744K pop) | 6.1 | Emerging City |
| M#492 | SarajevoBosnia-Herzegovina Mostar (2 metros, 75 km, 626K pop) | 6.0 | Emerging City |
| M#560 | Grand RapidsUnited States Kalamazoo (2 metros, 75 km, 2.0M pop) | 6.0 | Emerging City |
| M#604 | Santiago de CompostelaSpain Corunna (2 metros, 55 km, 576K pop) | 6.0 | Emerging City |
| M#494 | IthacaUnited States Binghamton (2 metros, 62 km, 396K pop) | 5.9 | Emerging City |
| M#606 | PereiraColombia | 5.9 | Emerging City |
| M#475 | BandungIndonesia Sukabumi (2 metros, 70 km, 12.6M pop) | 5.8 | Emerging City |
| M#544 | ExeterUnited Kingdom Plymouth (2 metros, 57 km, 395K pop) | 5.7 | Emerging City |
| M#501 | ŁódźPoland Belchatow (2 metros, 46 km, 1.2M pop) | 5.5 | Emerging City |
| M#536 | EnschedeNetherlands Almelo (2 metros, 22 km, 547K pop) | 5.4 | Emerging City |
| M#551 | SamaraRussia Tolyatti (2 metros, 64 km, 2.0M pop) | 5.4 | Emerging City |
| M#529 | BielefeldGermany Minden (2 metros, 40 km, 1.4M pop) | 5.3 | Emerging City |
| M#539 | CharlottesvilleUnited States Harrisonburg (2 metros, 57 km, 512K pop) | 5.3 | Emerging City |
| M#541 | San MarinoSan Marino / Italy Rimini (2 metros, 17 km, 375K pop) | 5.3 | Emerging City |
| M#557 | TriesteItaly Udine (2 metros, 62 km, 744K pop) | 5.3 | Emerging City |
| M#683 | ToyamaJapan Kanazawa (2 metros, 47 km, 2.2M pop) | 5.2 | Emerging City |
| M#934 | BrnoCzech Republic | 5.1 | Emerging City |
| M#654 | AdanaTurkey Mersin (2 metros, 65 km, 4.1M pop) | 4.8 | Emerging City |
| M#730 | AnconaItaly | 4.7 | Emerging City |
| M#751 | LecceItaly | 4.7 | Emerging City |
| M#752 | Chalon-sur-SaôneFrance Dijon (2 metros, 62 km, 526K pop) | 4.7 | Emerging City |
| M#625 | KalamataGreece Tripoli (GRE) (2 metros, 57 km, 135K pop) | 4.6 | Emerging City |
| M#636 | Green BayUnited States Appleton (2 metros, 42 km, 803K pop) | 4.6 | Emerging City |
| M#603 | LublinPoland Chełm (2 metros, 64 km, 625K pop) | 4.4 | Emerging City |
| M#637 | BayonneFrance Dax (2 metros, 42 km, 553K pop) | 4.4 | Emerging City |
| M#721 | FangchenggangChina Qinzhou (2 metros, 43 km, 4.3M pop) | 4.4 | Emerging City |
| M#613 | CataniaItaly Ragusa (2 metros, 72 km, 1.4M pop) | 4.3 | Emerging City |
| M#675 | Bandar Seri BegawanBrunei / Malaysia Labuan (2 metros, 53 km, 414K pop) | 4.2 | Emerging City |
| M#740 | XuchangChina Pingdingshan (2 metros, 62 km, 9.4M pop) | 4.2 | Emerging City |
| M#790 | BuraidahSaudi Arabia Ar Rass (2 metros, 70 km, 799K pop) | 4.2 | Emerging City |
| M#797 | CaenFrance Le Havre (2 metros, 49 km, 784K pop) | 4.2 | Emerging City |
| M#629 | CastriesSaint Lucia / Martinique Fort-de-France (2 metros, 68 km, 216K pop) | 4.0 | Emerging City |
| M#757 | ToursFrance Blois (2 metros, 53 km, 768K pop) | 4.0 | Emerging City |
| M#690 | Limerick CityIreland Tipperary (2 metros, 38 km, 505K pop) | 3.9 | Emerging City |
| M#728 | LinköpingSweden Norrköping (2 metros, 39 km, 310K pop) | 3.9 | Emerging City |
| M#599 | Beer ShevaIsrael / Palestine Gaza (2 metros, 42 km, 1.4M pop) | 3.8 | Emerging City |
| M#801 | GujranwalaPakistan Sialkot (2 metros, 46 km, 8.9M pop) | 3.7 | Emerging City |
| M#614 | St. John's (ANT)Antigua & Barbuda / Montserrat Brades (2 metros, 53 km, 56K pop) | 3.6 | Emerging City |
| M#830 | CumillaBangladesh Noakhali (2 metros, 66 km, 9.8M pop) | 3.6 | Emerging City |
| M#890 | Columbus (GA)United States Auburn (2 metros, 49 km, 535K pop) | 3.4 | Emerging City |
| M#798 | KrabiThailand Phuket (2 metros, 61 km, 918K pop) | 3.3 | Emerging City |
| M#863 | Bloomington–NormalUnited States Peoria (2 metros, 55 km, 620K pop) | 3.3 | Emerging City |
| M#865 | PanajiIndia Margao (2 metros, 29 km, 1.5M pop) | 3.3 | Emerging City |
| M#877 | RzeszówPoland Tarnów (2 metros, 73 km, 674K pop) | 3.3 | Emerging City |
| M#861 | Road TownBritish Virgin Islands / US Virgin Islands | 3.1 | Emerging City |
| M#868 | Port SaidEgypt Damietta (2 metros, 49 km, 2.4M pop) | 3.1 | Emerging City |
| M#875 | KielcePoland Radom (2 metros, 70 km, 741K pop) | 3.0 | Emerging City |
| M#889 | YunchengChina Sanmenxia (2 metros, 34 km, 6.8M pop) | 3.0 | Emerging City |
| M#909 | TrabzonTurkey Rize (2 metros, 68 km, 1.2M pop) | 2.9 | Emerging City |
| M#956 | SwanseaUnited Kingdom Llanelli (2 metros, 16 km, 459K pop) | 2.9 | Emerging City |
| M#981 | KilleenUnited States Waco (2 metros, 71 km, 798K pop) | 2.9 | Emerging City |
| M#923 | Haven GatewayUnited Kingdom Colchester (5 metros, 0 km, 447K pop) | 2.7 | Emerging City |
| M#1001 | Fort Walton BeachUnited States Pensacola (2 metros, 57 km, 849K pop) | 2.7 | Emerging City |
| M#1070 | MalappuramIndia Kozhikode (2 metros, 38 km, 7.2M pop) | 2.7 | Emerging City |
| M#990 | VolosGreece Larisa (2 metros, 54 km, 321K pop) | 2.6 | Emerging City |
| M#1127 | DoverUnited Kingdom / France Boulogne-sur-Mer (2 metros, 49 km, 274K pop) | 2.5 | Emerging City |
| M#1124 | HeerenveenNetherlands Leeuwarden (2 metros, 28 km, 313K pop) | 2.4 | Emerging City |
| M#1118 | ViseuPortugal Guarda (2 metros, 56 km, 193K pop) | 2.3 | Emerging City |
| M#1222 | IloiloPhilippines Bacolod (2 metros, 43 km, 5.7M pop) | 2.2 | Emerging City |
| M#1218 | BengbuChina Huainan (2 metros, 49 km, 6.3M pop) | 2.1 | Emerging City |
| M#1258 | WillemstadCuraçao / Bonaire Kralendijk (2 metros, 67 km, 174K pop) | 1.4 | Emerging City |
| M#1502 | CotonouBenin Porto-Novo (2 metros, 27 km, 2.1M pop) | 1.0 | Local City |
| M#1821 | St Peter PortGuernsey / Jersey Saint Helier (2 metros, 43 km, 169K pop) | 0.8 | Local City |
| M#2371 | Belize CityBelize Belmopan (2 metros, 67 km, 237K pop) | 0.3 | Local City |
| M#2843 | Koror CityPalau Ngerulmud (2 metros, 24 km, 17K pop) | 0.3 | Local City |