Parma, Parma · Italy · Serie A
Power-ranking history
Against expectation
Every Italian top-flight match this club has played in the Serie A, scored against the odds an Elo rating gave it before kick-off. Over 28 seasons from 1990-91 to 2024-25 it has beaten them by +14.4 match points.
Season points use that season’s own scoring, two for a win before 1994-95 and three from it; the bars use match points so the whole series is comparable. Played as Parma AC, then Parma FC.
What the squad was worth
Total market value of the squad, EUR millions, by month; the player count beside it is the size of the priced squad.
How this is measured
Drawn as a step, not a curve: Transfermarkt reprices every squad in December and June (marked with a small tick on the axis) and revalues continuously between, so the line only moves when a real valuation changed, never by interpolation.
A month renders no value at all once the priced squad falls below 15 players, so a thin squad is never shown as a cheap one. The series is floored at July 2012 on purpose: earlier Transfermarkt totals reflect which players happened to be priced yet rather than the squad’s real worth, and are excluded rather than shown misleadingly low.
Upstream (dcaribou/transfermarkt-datasets) has been paused since July 2026, so the series ends where the source ends rather than where the season does.
Player valuations from Transfermarkt via github.com/dcaribou/transfermarkt-datasets (CC0).
What the squad was worth€183m
Who controls the club
The entity that holds control today, one per franchise; co-controllers and minority holders are listed, never summed.
How this is measured
Exactly one control entity is recorded per franchise, so a portfolio can never count a club twice. Co-controllers and minority holders are shown as published and carry no weight in any total.
The chip names the evidence. Sourced: a primary source is linked (league, club, filing or tier-one outlet). Cross-checked: matched against the ownership-change sweep. Contested: disputed or mid-sale. Rows are reviewed weekly.
Stakes are as published, often only “majority”, and are not pro-rated. A record of control is not a claim about anyone’s intent or conduct.
Who controls the clubKyle Krause (Krause Group)
Krause Group, owner of the US convenience store chain Kum & Go, bought Parma in 2020; Kyle Krause serves as owner and president.
- Casa Pia ACPortugal
The money ledger
Fees paid and received each season, and what the squad was worth once the trading is netted out.
How this is measured
Spent is the fees paid for players arriving, received the fees for players leaving, both in EUR millions by the July-to-June season of the move. A move with no fee on record (a free, a loan, an undisclosed sum) is counted, never priced: the small figure beside each total is the moves with a fee, plus those without (so 4+3 is four priced arrivals and three unpriced), and a quiet window is not mistaken for a cheap one. Wages are not here: they are estimates nobody licenses, and fees are documented.
Appreciation is the season’s change in squad value with the net spend taken out: buy 100m of players and finish 100m higher is zero; finish 120m higher and the club made 20m of players better, or the market repriced them. It needs a priced squad at both ends of the season (the same 15-player floor as the value chart), so it is blank rather than guessed for a season that lacks one.
The source has been paused since 6 July 2026, so the final row holds only the opening days of its window.
Transfer fees and player valuations from Transfermarkt via github.com/dcaribou/transfermarkt-datasets (CC0).
The money ledger−€95m
Grown or bought: in 2026-27, trading −€6m and appreciation —. Over the last 5 seasons (2022-23–2026-27), trading −€11m and appreciation unpriced.
The director’s ledger: 60 arrivals graded since 2022-23, 82% EV-positive. €114m deployed for a 1.5× multiplier.
Money against football
Every priced club-season in the six leagues: points against expectation across, squad value gained beyond the net spend up. This club’s seasons are joined.
Greatest games
Parma's top matches by the club Game Score: closeness, stakes, quality and upset over one unified rating of league and European play. H, A and N mark home, away and a neutral venue; a ★ is a curated all-time classic (tap it for the model's own score).All-time board.
Footprint
The Heartbreak Index10.0 · #177
The Tortured · Major trophy, 2002
The Heartbreak Index10.0 · #177
The Tortured · Major trophy, 2002
- Major trophy since 20024.5
- Major final appearance since 20023.8
relegated from the top flight, 2021 · relegated from the top flight, 2015 · relegated from the top flight, 2008 · league runner-up, 1997
One formula, every club the site covers. See the whole board →
YouTube
Open the official channel on YouTube
Calculated by Citizen of Nowhere from YouTube channel statistics, as of 1 Nov 2026. Not part of the Fan Attention Index. Not ranked.
Data from YouTube API Services · YouTube Terms of Service · How we use YouTube data
Season-by-season
Most recent season first. Covers Serie A only. Rows tagged "national playoff" are pre-modern formats where the workbook records only playoff participants, not round-robin standings.
Domestic Cup Finals
Most recent first. Every domestic cup final the club has played, including losses. Scheduled finals (date not yet passed) are flagged.
European competition appearances
Most recent first. One row per entry showing the deepest round reached. A Cup Winner badge marks tournaments the club won: gold for the European Cup / Champions League, silver for every other UEFA or Intercontinental trophy.