Zwolle, Zwolle · Netherlands · Eredivisie
Power-ranking history
Against expectation
Every Dutch top-flight match this club has played in the Eredivisie, scored against the odds an Elo rating gave it before kick-off. Over 22 seasons from 1978-79 to 2024-25 it has fallen short of them by −8.6 match points.
Season points use that season’s own scoring, two for a win before 1995-96 and three from it; the bars use match points so the whole series is comparable. Played as PEC Zwolle, then PEC Zwolle '82.
2019-20 table not final: voided at the COVID-19 shutdown, 232 of 306 played.
What the squad was worth
Total market value of the squad, EUR millions, by month; the player count beside it is the size of the priced squad.
How this is measured
Drawn as a step, not a curve: Transfermarkt reprices every squad in December and June (marked with a small tick on the axis) and revalues continuously between, so the line only moves when a real valuation changed, never by interpolation.
A month renders no value at all once the priced squad falls below 15 players, so a thin squad is never shown as a cheap one. The series is floored at July 2012 on purpose: earlier Transfermarkt totals reflect which players happened to be priced yet rather than the squad’s real worth, and are excluded rather than shown misleadingly low.
Upstream (dcaribou/transfermarkt-datasets) has been paused since July 2026, so the series ends where the source ends rather than where the season does.
Player valuations from Transfermarkt via github.com/dcaribou/transfermarkt-datasets (CC0).
What the squad was worth€22m
Who controls the club
The entity that holds control today, one per franchise; co-controllers and minority holders are listed, never summed.
How this is measured
Exactly one control entity is recorded per franchise, so a portfolio can never count a club twice. Co-controllers and minority holders are shown as published and carry no weight in any total.
The chip names the evidence. Sourced: a primary source is linked (league, club, filing or tier-one outlet). Cross-checked: matched against the ownership-change sweep. Contested: disputed or mid-sale. Rows are reviewed weekly.
Stakes are as published, often only “majority”, and are not pro-rated. A record of control is not a claim about anyone’s intent or conduct.
Who controls the clubPEC Zwolle foundation (stichtingsbestuur)
Minority holders: Investor group including Frans van der Kolk and Meine Breemhaar (about 7%)
The five-member foundation board supervises the B.V.; chair Van der Kolk has said authority sits with the board, not with the equity holders. The minority investors are also major sponsors through VDK and Mac3Park.
PEC Zwolle foundation (stichtingsbestuur) on the owners board →
The money ledger
Fees paid and received each season, and what the squad was worth once the trading is netted out.
How this is measured
Spent is the fees paid for players arriving, received the fees for players leaving, both in EUR millions by the July-to-June season of the move. A move with no fee on record (a free, a loan, an undisclosed sum) is counted, never priced: the small figure beside each total is the moves with a fee, plus those without (so 4+3 is four priced arrivals and three unpriced), and a quiet window is not mistaken for a cheap one. Wages are not here: they are estimates nobody licenses, and fees are documented.
Appreciation is the season’s change in squad value with the net spend taken out: buy 100m of players and finish 100m higher is zero; finish 120m higher and the club made 20m of players better, or the market repriced them. It needs a priced squad at both ends of the season (the same 15-player floor as the value chart), so it is blank rather than guessed for a season that lacks one.
The source has been paused since 6 July 2026, so the final row holds only the opening days of its window.
Transfer fees and player valuations from Transfermarkt via github.com/dcaribou/transfermarkt-datasets (CC0).
The money ledger+€19m
Grown or bought: in 2026-27, trading −€1m and appreciation —. Over the last 5 seasons (2022-23–2026-27), trading +€5m and appreciation unpriced.
The director’s ledger: 57 arrivals graded since 2022-23, 1 ungraded, 100% EV-positive. €2m deployed for a 2.7× multiplier.
Money against football
Every priced club-season in the six leagues: points against expectation across, squad value gained beyond the net spend up. This club’s seasons are joined.
Greatest games
PEC Zwolle's top matches by the club Game Score: closeness, stakes, quality and upset over one unified rating of league and European play. H, A and N mark home, away and a neutral venue; a ★ is a curated all-time classic (tap it for the model's own score).All-time board.
Footprint
The Heartbreak Index4.4 · #490
The Tortured · Major trophy, 2014
The Heartbreak Index4.4 · #490
The Tortured · Major trophy, 2014
- Major trophy since 20143.3
- Major final appearance since 20151.4
relegated from the top flight, 2022 · relegated from the top flight, 2004 · relegated from the top flight, 1985 · lost the national cup final, 2015
One formula, every club the site covers. See the whole board →
YouTube
Open the official channel on YouTube
Calculated by Citizen of Nowhere from YouTube channel statistics, as of 1 Nov 2026. Not part of the Fan Attention Index. Not ranked.
Data from YouTube API Services · YouTube Terms of Service · How we use YouTube data
Season-by-season
Most recent season first. Covers Eredivisie only. Rows tagged "national playoff" are pre-modern formats where the workbook records only playoff participants, not round-robin standings.
Domestic Cup Finals
Most recent first. Every domestic cup final the club has played, including losses. Scheduled finals (date not yet passed) are flagged.
European competition appearances
Most recent first. One row per entry showing the deepest round reached. A Cup Winner badge marks tournaments the club won: gold for the European Cup / Champions League, silver for every other UEFA or Intercontinental trophy.